ABSTRACT
Goose parvovirus (GPV) continues to be a threat to goose farms and has significant economic effects on the production of geese. Current commercially available vaccines only rarely prevent GPV infection. In our study, Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum NC8 was selected as a vector to express the VP2 gene of GPV, and recombinant L. plantarum pSIP409-VP2/NC8 was successfully constructed. The molecular weight of the expressed recombinant protein was approximately 70 kDa. Mice were immunized with a 2 × 109 colony-forming unit/200 µL dose of the recombinant L. plantarum strain, and the ratios and numbers of CD11c⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, and interferon gamma- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-expressing spleen lymphocytes in the pSIP409-VP2/NC8 group were higher than those in the control groups. In addition, we assessed the capacity of L. plantarum SIP409-VP2/NC8 to induce secretory IgA production. We conclude that administered pSIP409-VP2/NC8 leads to relatively extensive cellular responses. This study provides information on GPV infection and offers a clear framework of options available for GPV control strategies.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Agriculture , Geese , Immunization , Immunoglobulin A, Secretory , Interferons , Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus , Lymphocytes , Molecular Weight , Parvovirus , Spleen , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , VaccinesABSTRACT
Objective To study the damage propagation and evolution mechanism of cartilage under compressive load. Methods The fiber-reinforced porous elastic model of cartilage with micro-defect was established by using finite element method, and the process of damage evolution under compressive load was simulated and analyzed with parameters. The patterns of stress and strain distributions on cartilage matrix and collagen fiber at different damage extension stage were obtained. Results The strain in surface and the forefront of cartilage damage increased significantly with the increase of compression displacement, and they were obviously in positive correlation; in the process of damage evolution, there was a trend that cartilage extended to the deep and both sides simultaneously; cracks and damage in cartilage extended preferentially along the fiber tangent direction. With the aggravation of cartilage damage, the lateral extension speed was significantly faster than the longitudinal extension speed. Conclusions The process of cartilage damage extension has a close relationship with the distribution of fibers. And the damage in matrix and fiber promote each other. The evolution speed and degree of cartilage vary constantly in different layers and at different stages. These results can provide the qualitative reference for prediction and repair of cartilage damage, as well as the theoretical basis for explaining clinical pathological phenomena of damage degeneration and treatment.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the damage propagation and evolution mechanism of cartilage under compressive loads.Methods The fiber-reinforced porous elastic model of cartilage with micro-defect was established by using finite element method,and the process of damage evolution under compressive loads was simulated and analyzed with parameters.The patterns of stress and strain distributions on cartilage matrix and collagen fiber at different damage extension stages were obtained.Results The strain in the surface and forefront of cartilage damage increased significantly with the increase of compression displacement,and they were obviously in positive correlation;in the process of damage evolution,there was a trend that cartilage extended to the deep and both sides simultaneously;cracks and damage in cartilage extended preferentially along the fiber tangent direction.With the aggravation of cartilage damage,the lateral extension speed was significantly faster than the longitudinal extension speed.Conclusions The process of cartilage damage extension has a close relationship with the distribution of fibers.The damages in matrix and fiber promote each other.The evolution speed and degree of cartilage vary constantly in different layers and at different stages.These results can provide the qualitative reference for prediction and repair of cartilage damage,as well as the theoretical basis for explaining pathological phenomena of damage degeneration and its clinic treatment.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the damage propagation and evolution mechanism of cartilage under compressive loads.Methods The fiber-reinforced porous elastic model of cartilage with micro-defect was established by using finite element method,and the process of damage evolution under compressive loads was simulated and analyzed with parameters.The patterns of stress and strain distributions on cartilage matrix and collagen fiber at different damage extension stages were obtained.Results The strain in the surface and forefront of cartilage damage increased significantly with the increase of compression displacement,and they were obviously in positive correlation;in the process of damage evolution,there was a trend that cartilage extended to the deep and both sides simultaneously;cracks and damage in cartilage extended preferentially along the fiber tangent direction.With the aggravation of cartilage damage,the lateral extension speed was significantly faster than the longitudinal extension speed.Conclusions The process of cartilage damage extension has a close relationship with the distribution of fibers.The damages in matrix and fiber promote each other.The evolution speed and degree of cartilage vary constantly in different layers and at different stages.These results can provide the qualitative reference for prediction and repair of cartilage damage,as well as the theoretical basis for explaining pathological phenomena of damage degeneration and its clinic treatment.